Organizational problems come in many and complex forms. In fact, with a little reworking, Tolstoy’s most famous opening line could easily apply to businesses: “All happy companies are alike; each unhappy company is unhappy in its own way.”

I’ve never found the will to sustain myself through a reading of Anna Karenina, but at different times in my life I’ve found myself reflecting on that quote. It sticks around because there’s a truth to it. All happy companies are alike. They have a clear and compelling vision, a strong culture, and they structure their systems in a way that develops the behaviours needed for success in their employees.

But creating a happy company is complex. There are billions, if not trillions, of tiny interactions and dynamics—within different teams, between competing budget centers, inside a competitive marketplace, as part of a community, or in connection to the overall ecosystem—that are incredibly hard to predict and manage. 

Because it’s so difficult, most companies default to a state of firefighting. They tackle the most immediate problem in front of them, and often someone, or some team, emerges as the hero. But that doesn’t create a sustainably happy company. To get that, you have to solve upstream issues (i.e. prevent problems before they happen), not fight fires as they happen. And you have to be a system thinker. That means not only thinking about the system and how it could be tweaked to create the commonality necessary for corporate happiness, but also getting the buy-in and sustained action from multiple parties, probably from very different disciplines, to make it happen—because you can’t change a system as one individual.

(For a deeper understanding of the importance of upstream thinking, I heartily recommend reading ‘Upstream: The Quest to Solve Problems Before They Happen’ by Dan Heath.)